Adenylyl cyclase is the prototypical second messenger generator. There are at least nine eight cloned membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases together with the testis soluble adenyl cyclase. The membrane bound enzymes are regulated by diverse G proteins and are regulated by one or other arm of the
phospholipase C pathway. In addition to ligand-mediated signaling via G proteins, functional and ultrastructural investigations have
shown that adenylyl cyclases are also intimately associated with sites of calcium ion
entry into the cell.
NCBI Summary:
This gene encodes a membrane-bound adenylate cyclase that catalyses the formation of cyclic AMP from ATP and is inhibitable by calcium. The product of this gene is a member of the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase enzyme family that is characterized by the presence of twelve membrane-spanning domains in its sequences. Several transcript variants have been observed for this gene, but the full-length natures of only two have been determined so far. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2013]
Analysis of genes that influence sheep follicular development by different nutrition levels during the luteal phase using expression profiling. Luo F et al. (2016) Nutrition is an important factor that regulates reproductive performance of sheep and affects follicle development. However, the correlation between nutrition and follicle development is poorly understood at the molecular level. To study its possible molecular mechanisms, we performed expression profiling of granulosa cells isolated from sheep that were fed different levels of nutrition levels during the luteal phase. To do this, ewes received a maintenance diet (M), and their estrus was synchronized by intravaginal progestogen sponges for 12 days. Ewes were randomly divided into the short-term dietary-restricted group (R; 0.5 × M) and the nutrient-supplemented group (S; 1.5 × M). RNA samples were extracted from granulosa cells. Transcriptome libraries from each group were constructed by Illumina sequencing. Among 18 468 detected genes, 170 genes were significantly differentially expressed, of which 140 genes were upregulated and 30 genes were downregulated in group S relative to group R. These genes could be candidates regulating follicular development in sheep. Gene Ontology, KEGG and clustering analyses were performed. Genes related to oocyte meiosis, such as ADCY7, were upregulated. We identified two important groups of related genes that were upregulated with improved nutrition: one group comprising the genes PTGS2, UCP2 and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and the other group comprising interleukin-1A and interleukin-1B. The genes within each group showed similar expression patterns. Additionally, all five genes are involved in the reproduction process. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to validate the results of expression profiling. These data in our study are an abundant genomic resource to expand the understanding of the molecular and cellular events underlying follicle development.//////////////////
Expression regulated by
Comment
Ovarian localization
Granulosa, Luteal cells
Comment
Asboth G, et al 2001 reported the characterization of adenylyl cyclases in cultured human
granulosa cells.
Many functions of granulosa-lutein cells are controlled by activation of C protein-coupled receptors and the formation of cyclic AMP
(cAMP) by adenylyl cyclase. There are at least nine mammalian adenylyl cyclase isoenzymes, which show different sensitivities towards other signalling
systems. Granulosa cells were obtained from women undergoing IVF. The cells were maintained in
primary culture and they consistently expressed mRNA coding for adenylyl cyclase I, III, VI, VII and IX.
These results indicate that subtypes adenylyl cyclase I, III and VIII, which are activated by calcium, and adenylyl
cyclase V and VI, which are inhibited by calcium, are not dominant isoforms in
granulosa-lutein cells. The protein kinase A inhibitor H89 had no effects on
formation of cAMP; this finding rules out the involvement of adenylyl cyclase
V and VI subtypes, which are subjected to negative feedback by protein kinase
A. These results indicate that adenylyl cyclase VII is the dominant functional
isoenzyme in human granulosa-lutein cells.