calgranulin B/////////
NCBI Summary:
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in the inhibition of casein kinase and altered expression of this protein is associated with the disease cystic fibrosis. This antimicrobial protein exhibits antifungal and antibacterial activity. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]
General function
Comment
Cellular localization
Cytoplasmic, Nuclear
Comment
S100-A9 protein in exosomes derived from follicular fluid promotes inflammation via activation of NF-κB pathway in polycystic ovary syndrome. Li H et al. (2019) Exosomes have recently emerged as key mediators of different physiological and pathological processes. However, there has been few report about proteomic analysis of exosomes derived from human follicular fluid and their association with the occurrence of PCOS. Herein, we used TMT-tagged quantitative proteomic approach to identify proteomic profiles in exosomes derived from follicular fluid of PCOS patients and healthy controls. We identified 662 proteins in exosomes derived from human ovarian follicular fluid. Eighty-six differently expressed proteins (P < .05) were found between PCOS and healthy women. The alterations in the proteomic profile were related to the inflammation process, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, cell migration and proliferation. Importantly, we observed that follicular fluid exosomes contain S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100-A9) protein. Exosome-enriched S100-A9 significantly enhanced inflammation and disrupted steroidogenesis via activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway. These data demonstrate that exosomal proteins are differentially expressed in follicular fluid during disease process, and some proteins may play important roles in the regulation of granulosa cell function. These results highlight the importance of exosomes as extracellular communicators in ovarian follicular development.//////////////////
Ovarian function
Ovulation
Comment
Expression regulated by
Comment
Ovarian localization
Granulosa, Theca, Follicular Fluid
Comment
Calgranulins in cystic fluid and serum from patients with ovarian carcinomas.
Ott HW, et al .
Ovarian cancer remains still associated with poor prognosis because it is diagnosed predominantly at advanced stages. Ovarian-specific tumor markers do not yet exist for early detection of the disease. At the search of diagnostic markers for ovarian cancer, proteomic-based approaches have focused on novel investigations of neoplastic processes in tumor patients. Cystic fluids of malignant and benign ovarian tumors and serum from the corresponding patients were collected and processed for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins were visualized on the gels by silver staining. At the low molecular mass level between 10 and 20 kDa, selected protein spots were additionally processed for nanospray mass spectrometry and partial amino acid sequencing. For protein identification, the sequencing results were compared with computer information from a protein data bank. Protein patterns from cystic fluids of ovarian carcinomas differed significantly from those of benign cysts and revealed additional polypeptides at low molecular mass level between 10 and 20 kDa. Protein patterns from serum of patients with malignant ovarian tumors also contained additional polypeptides between 10 and 20 kDa that were not detected in serum from patients with benign cysts. The additional proteins in serum were present in similar electrophoretic positions compared with those found in the cystic fluid of the corresponding ovarian carcinomas. Protein spots in the range of 10-20 kDa were selected for partial amino acid sequencing. Two protein spots were identified as calgranulin A and three spots as calgranulin B. Either both proteins or only calgranulin A or B were present in cystic fluid from ovarian carcinomas and serum of the corresponding patients. These two proteins were absent or not detectable in fluid from benign ovarian cysts and in serum from those patients. Our investigations concerning protein patterns in cystic fluid of malignant and benign ovarian tumors provide new information about alterations in protein synthesis linked to neoplastic events of the ovary. With the proteomic strategy, new tumor markers are characterized and may serve for diagnostic purposes of patients with ovarian cancer.
Follicle stages
Antral, Preovulatory
Comment
[P1-243] Identification and Characterization of Five Genes Induced by hCG Administration during the Preovulatory Period in the Rat Ovary.
(Endocrine society 2004)
Misung Jo, Mary C Gieske, Sarah E Wheeler, Charles E Payne, Chemyong Ko, Thomas E Curry, Jr. Ob and Gyn, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Clin Scis, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
The LH surge initiates the ovulatory process by triggering a series of biochemical and molecular events that induce the spatiotemporal expression of specific genes. In the present study, we utilized a newly developed rat ovarian gene expression database (rOGED) to identify unknown genes involved in the ovulatory process. Five genes that showed elevated levels of mRNA expression after hCG treatment in rOGED were selected. These genes included mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphotase-3 (MKP-3), runt related transcription factor (Runx 1), calgranulin B, 1-macroglobulin, and synaptosome-associated protein 25 kDa (Snap 25). To confirm and characterize the spatiotemporal expression pattern of these genes during the periovulatory period, immature rats were injected with PMSG; 48 h later hCG was administered. Ovaries were collected at 0 (48 h post-eCG), 6, 12, and 24 h post-hCG. Northern blots revealed dramatic, yet transient increases in levels of mRNA for Runx 1, calgranulin B, MKP-3, and 1-macroglobulin at 6 h post-hCG, which are consistent with the profiles seen in rOGED. Two transcripts of the Snap 25 gene were detected, which were expressed differentially after hCG injection. In situ hybridization showed a distinct localization pattern of expression of these genes. High expression of both Runx 1 and MKP-3 was localized to the granulosa cell layer of preovulatory follicles at 6 and 12 h post-hCG, but the expression was also detected in the theca layer at 6 h post-hCG. MKP-3 can inactivate ERKs while Runx 1 is involved in the cell differentiation/ proliferation process. Snap 25 mRNA was localized to granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles and the theca layer at 12 h post-hCG. Snap 25 is a key component of SNARE proteins required for intracellular membrane fusion events during exocytosis. 1-Macroglobulin can inhibit a broad spectrum of proteases and was localized only to the theca layer at 6 h post-hCG. Calgranulin B mRNA was localized to cells scattered in the interstitial and stroma layer of ovaries obtained at 6 h and 12 h post-hCG, but not to follicular cells. Calgranulin B is highly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes that are found in a variety of inflammatory conditions. The fact that the ovulatory hCG stimulus induces dramatic, yet transient increases in levels of mRNA for these genes in a cell-type specific manner suggests that the expression of each of these genes may be important for successful ovulation.