NCBI Summary:
This gene encodes a C2H2 zinc finger protein that functions as a suppressor of cell growth. This gene is often deleted or methylated and silenced in cancer cells. In addition, overexpression of this gene during fetal development is thought to be the causal factor for transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM). Alternative splicing and the use of alternative promoters results in multiple transcript variants encoding two different protein isoforms. The P1 downstream promoter of this gene is imprinted, with preferential expression from the paternal allele in many tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]
General function
Nucleic acid binding, DNA binding, Transcription factor
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Cellular localization
Nuclear
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Ovarian function
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mRNA Levels of Imprinted Genes in Bovine In Vivo Oocytes, Embryos and Cross Species Comparisons with Humans, Mice and Pigs. Jiang Z et al. (2015) Twenty-six imprinted genes were quantified in bovine in vivo produced oocytes and embryos using RNA-seq. Eighteen were detectable and their transcriptional patterns were: largely decreased (MEST and PLAGL1); first decreased and then increased (CDKN1C and IGF2R); peaked at a specific stage (PHLDA2, SGCE, PEG10, PEG3, GNAS, MEG3, DGAT1, ASCL2, NNAT, and NAP1L5); or constantly low (DIRAS3, IGF2, H19 and RTL1). These patterns reflect mRNAs that are primarily degraded, important at a specific stage, or only required at low quantities. The mRNAs for several genes were surprisingly abundant. For instance, transcripts for the maternally imprinted MEST and PLAGL1, were high in oocytes and could only be expressed from the maternal allele suggesting that their genomic imprints were not yet established/recognized. Although the mRNAs detected here were likely biallelically transcribed before the establishment of imprinted expression, the levels of mRNA during these critical stages of development have important functional consequences. Lastly, we compared these genes to their counterparts in mice, humans and pigs. Apart from previously known differences in the imprinting status, the mRNA levels were different among these four species. The data presented here provide a solid reference for expression profiles of imprinted genes in embryos produced using assisted reproductive biotechnologies.//////////////////
Expression regulated by
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Ovarian localization
Oocyte
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Effects of In Vitro Maturation on Gene Expression in Rhesus Monkey Oocytes. Lee YS et al. In vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) holds great promise as a tool for enhancing clinical treatment of infertility, enhancing availability of non-human primates for development of disease models, and facilitating endangered species preservation. However, IVM outcomes have remained significantly below success rates obtained using in vivo matured (VVM) oocytes from humans and non-human primates. A cDNA array-based analysis is presented, comparing the transcriptomes of VVM oocytes with IVM oocytes. We observe a small set of just 59 mRNAs that are differentially expressed between the two cell types. These mRNAs are related to cellular homeostasis, cell-cell interactions including growth factor and hormone stimulation and cell adhesion, and other functions such as mRNA stability and translation. Additionally, we observe in IVM oocytes overexpression of PLAGL1 and MEST, two maternally imprinted genes, indicating a possible interruption or loss of correct epigenetic programming. These results indicate that, under certain IVM conditions, oocytes that are molecularly highly similar to VVM oocytes can be obtained, however the interruption of normal oocyte-somatic cell interactions during the final hours of oocyte maturation may preclude the establishment of full developmental competence. Key words: microarray, assisted reproduction, non human primate.
Imprinted status of pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like I and paternal expression gene 10 genes in pigs. Zhang FW et al. Genomic imprinting is theorized to exist in all placental mammals and some marsupials. Imprinted genes play important roles in the regulation of fetal growth, development and postnatal behavior, but the study of imprinted genes has been limited in livestock. In this study, the polymorphism-based approach was used to detect expression patterns of porcine pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like I (PLAGL1) and paternal expression gene 10 (PEG10) genes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in exons were detected between the Meishan and Large White breeds in the PLAGL1 and PEG10 genes. The polymorphisms were used to determine the monoallelic or biallelic expression with reverse transcriptase-PCR-RFLP in 44 tissues from 4 heterozygous pigs (based on SNP). Imprinting analysis indicated that the PLAGL1 and PEG10 genes were both paternally expressed in all tested tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, small intestine, skeletal muscle, fat, uterus and ovary). Our study showed that the method of identifying polymorphic transcripts with reverse transcriptase-PCR-RFLP may be beneficial for detecting the imprinting status of some candidate imprinted genes.