| growth hormone receptor | OKDB#: 872 |
| Symbols: | GHR | Species: | human | ||
| Synonyms: | GHBP, GHIP | Locus: | 5p13.1-p12 in Homo sapiens | HPMR |
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| General Comment |
Effects of Growth Hormone Supplementation on Poor Ovarian Responders in Assisted Reproductive Technology: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Liu FT et al. (2020) To investigate whether additional growth hormone (GH) treatment can improve pregnancy outcomes in poor ovarian responders (POR), this systematic review and meta-analysis is prospectively designed and has been registered in PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42019137866). Literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from January 2010 to June 2019, and studies before 2010 were included based on a Cochrane review published in 2010. Only English articles and randomized clinical trial studies were included. A total of 12 studies were included for analysis. GH treatment in poor ovarian responders significantly increased the clinical pregnancy rate (odds ratio (OR) = 1.75 (1.23, 2.50)), and the live birth rate also tended to increase after GH treatment (OR = 1.51 (0.97, 2.35)). Other outcomes including the gonadotropin requirement, oocyte retrieval number, endometrium thickness, and the number of patients with available embryos for transfer were also improved by growth hormone treatment (weighted mean differences (WMD) = - 0.78 (- 1.23, - 0.33), 1.41 (0.72, 2.09), 0.36 (0.18, 0.53), OR = 2.67 (1.47, 4.68), respectively). Based on the current study, GH treatment in POR can increase clinical pregnancy rate and show a higher but not statistically significant likelihood of live birth rate. The effect is likely to be mediated by improving ovarian response and endometrium thickness. The effect of GH treatment on live birth rate should be tested by further studies with a larger sample size.//////////////////
The timing and duration of sleep in partial sleep deprivation therapy of depression. Sack DA et al. (1988) The antidepressant response to partial sleep deprivation early in the night (PSD-E) was compared with the response to partial sleep deprivation late in the night (PSD-L) in 16 drug-free depressed inpatients using a balanced order crossover design. PSD-L had a significantly greater antidepressant effect that PSD-E. The response to PSD-L was sustained and enhanced by a second night of treatment. Patients had significantly shorter sleep durations and reduced REM sleep on PSD-L that did not occur in the PSD-E situation. There was a significant negative correlation between response to PSD and sleep duration, and in particular, REM sleep duration, in the late sleep deprivation situation. Thus, the amount and timing of sleep appear to be factors in the response to PSD, but additional studies are needed to evaluate the relative importance of these parameters.//////////////////
The addition of growth hormone adjuvant therapy to the long down regulation protocol in poor responders undergoing in vitro fertilization: Randomized control trial. Dakhly DMR et al. (2018) to detect the impact of growth hormone (GH) co-treatment to the long down regulation protocol, on the outcomes of IVF/ICSI cycles in poor responders. this parallel open label randomized control trial was conducted in a university hospital. It included 240 females satisfying the bologna criteria for poor responders. The enrolled females were randomized into 2 groups: A (long/GH) receiving GH adjuvant therapy to the long protocol and group B (control) receiving the long protocol alone. The main outcome measure was the live birth rate (fresh, frozen and cumulative). GH supplementation improved the number of collected oocytes 5.4 ± 1.7 vs. 4.3 ± 2.1, MII oocytes 4.1 ± 2.1 vs. 2.1 ± 1.4, fertilized oocytes 4.0 ± 2.2 vs. 2.0 ± 1.2, transferred embryos 2.4 ± 0.9 vs. 1.6 ± 1.1 and cryopreserved 0.5 ± 0.7 vs. 0.2 ± 0.5. There was no significant difference in the live birth rate whether fresh 17.5% vs. 14.1% or cumulative 18.3% vs. 14.7%. Further studies are needed to know the true impact of adding GH to the induction protocols in poor responders, as there was no difference in the live birth rates between the study groups, indicating a lack of trend toward benefit from GH supplementation in poor responders. NCT02338206.//////////////////
Six-week pretreatment with growth hormone improves clinical outcomes of poor ovarian responders undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment: A self-controlled clinical study. Cai MH et al. (2018) The purpose was to explore whether the 6 weeks of growth hormone (GH) pretreatment could increase the live birth rate of poor ovarian responders (POR). This self-controlled, retrospective study was performed among 380 POR who had GH adjuvant (GH+) at a university-affiliated hospital in Guangzhou, China, from October 2010 to April 2016. Growth hormone was injected daily beginning with the previous menstruation and maintained until ovum pickup, for approximately 6 weeks. Clinical variables between the GH+ cycle and the other GH-free (GH-) cycle of each patient were compared. Both cycles were conducted with a similar conventional control ovarian hyperstimulation protocol for in vitro fertilization treatment. One to one case-control matching was performed to adjust essential confounding factors between GH+ cycles and GH- cycles. GH pretreatment improved embryo quality (1.14 ± 1.50 vs 0.11 ± 0.48, P < 0.05) and decreased miscarriage (18.8% vs 80.0%, P < 0.05) significantly, resulting in an increase in the live birth rate (23.5% vs 3.9%, P < 0.05). The oocyte utilization rate in GH+ cycles was remarkably improved, even with older patients and more failed previous attempts. Significant improvement in embryo quality was shown by an increased number of good-quality embryos and improved oocyte utilization rate after matching. The longer term use of low-dose GH administration for 6 weeks could be beneficial for the utilization of oocytes and for finally increasing the live birth rates of POR.////////////////// . Ovarian aging and the activation of the primordial follicle reserve in the long-lived Ames dwarf and the short-lived bGH transgenic mice. Saccon TD et al. (2016) The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of growth hormone (GH) in the maintenance of the ovarian primordial follicle reserve. Ovaries from 16 mo old GH-deficient Ames Dwarf (df/df) and Normal (N/df) mice were used. A subgroup of df/df and N mice received GH or saline injections for six weeks starting at 14 mo of age. In addition, ovaries from 12 mo old mice overexpressing bovine GH (bGH) and controls were used. df/df mice had higher number of primordial and total follicles than N/df mice (p < 0.05), while GH treatment decreased follicle counts in both genotypes (p < 0.05). In addition, bGH mice had lower number of primordial and total follicles than the controls (p < 0.05). pFoxO3a levels were higher in mice treated with GH and in bGH mice (p < 0.05) when comparing with age match controls. These results indicate that increased circulating GH is associated with a reduced ovarian primordial follicle reserve and increased pFoxO3a content in oocytes.//////////////////
Growth hormone binds to a transmembrane receptor, the receptor must form a
dimer, and an intracellular signal-transduction pathway must be activated, resulting in the synthesis and secretion of
insulin-like growth factor I.
///////Does the addition of growth hormone to the in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection antagonist protocol improve outcomes in poor responders? A randomized, controlled trial. Bassiouny YA et al. (2015) To evaluate the effectiveness of the addition of growth hormone (GH) to the antagonist protocol in IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles in poor responders. Parallel randomized, controlled, open-label trial. University hospital. A total of 141 patients (GH, n = 68; gonadotropins only, n = 73) were enrolled. Twenty-five patients had their cycles cancelled. Analysis was performed per cycle start as well as per ET. Patients received the antagonist protocol with or without GH supplementation. Mean number of cumulus complexes, metaphase II oocytes retrieved and fertilized, chemical and clinical pregnancy rates, early miscarriage rate, ongoing pregnancy and live birth rates. The addition of GH significantly lowered duration of hMG treatment, duration of GnRH antagonist treatment, and dose of gonadotropin. It significantly increased mean E2 levels on the day of hCG administration, number of collected oocytes (7.58 ± 1.40 vs. 4.90 ± 1.78 mean ± SD), number of metaphase II oocytes (4.53 ± 1.29 vs. 2.53 ± 1.18), number of fertilized oocytes (4.04 ± 0.96 vs. 2.42 ± 1.03), and number of transferred embryos (2.89 ± 0.45 vs. 2.03 ± 0.81). There was no significant difference in the clinical pregnancy rate per cycle (22.1% vs. 15.1%) or live birth rate per cycle (14.7% vs. 10.9%). Growth hormone as an adjuvant treatment in IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles for poor responders should be cautiously used with the antagonist protocol, because there is still no identified impact on pregnancy outcomes. However, evaluation of the clinical pregnancy and live birth rates in our data was limited by low statistical power. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02195947./////////////////Increased proportion of mature oocytes with sustained-release growth hormone treatment in poor responders: a prospective randomized controlled study. Choe SA et al. (2017) Supplementation of growth hormone (GH) during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) has been suggested to improve ovarian response. Despite potential benefits in poor responders, multiple injections of GH during COS are inconvenient. We conducted a randomized controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sustained-release human GH in poor responders undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). This was a single-center, randomized, open-label, parallel study. Infertile women who satisfied the Bologna criteria for poor responders were randomized into GH treatment and control groups. The treatment group received a sustained-release GH (Eutropin Plus® 20 mg) three times before and during COS (mid-luteal, late luteal, and menstrual cycle day 2). The baseline characteristics and IVF outcomes were compared between the two groups. A total of 127 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 39.6 years and mean anti-Müllerian hormone level was 0.6 ng/ml. There was no significant difference in the baseline characteristics between GH treatment and control groups. The number of follicles on the human chorionic gonadotropin triggering day (3.1 ± 2.3 vs. 2.4 ± 1.6, P = 0.043) and the proportion of metaphase II oocytes (67.5 vs. 52.3%, P = 0.030) were higher in the GH group than in controls. The percentage of clinical and ongoing pregnancy and miscarriage was not different between the two groups. Supplementation of sustained-release GH before and during COS improved ovarian response, with an increase in mature oocytes in poor responders. Further studies are needed to ensure this benefit in general infertility patients.//////////////////
NCBI Summary: This gene encodes a member of the type I cytokine receptor family, which is a transmembrane receptor for growth hormone. Binding of growth hormone to the receptor leads to receptor dimerization and the activation of an intra- and intercellular signal transduction pathway leading to growth. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Laron syndrome, also known as the growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS), a disorder characterized by short stature. In humans and rabbits, but not rodents, growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular ligand-binding domain from the mature growth hormone receptor protein. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011] |
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| General function | Receptor | ||||
| Comment | Growth hormone during in vitro fertilization in older women modulates the density of receptors in granulosa cells, with improved pregnancy outcomes. Regan SLP et al. (2018) To study the effect of aging and granulosa cell growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression, and the effect of growth hormone (GH) co-treatment during IVF on receptor expression. Laboratory study. University. A total of 445 follicles were collected from 62 women undergoing standard infertility treatment. Preovulatory ovarian follicle biopsies of granulosa cells and follicular fluid. Older women with a poor ovarian reserve were co-treated with GH to determine the effect of the adjuvant during IVF on the granulosal expression density of FSH receptor (FSHR), LH receptor (LHR), bone morphogenetic hormone receptor (BMPR1B), and GHR. Ovarian reserve, granulosa cell receptor density, oocyte quality, and pregnancy and live birth rates were determined. Growth hormone co-treatment increased the receptor density for granulosal FSHR, BMPR1B, LHR, and GHR compared with the non-GH-treated patients of the same age and ovarian reserve. Growth hormone co-treatment increased GHR density, which may increase GHR activity. The GH co-treatment was associated with a significant increase in pregnancy rate. Growth hormone co-treatment restored the preovulatory down-regulation of FSHR, BMPR1B, and LHR density of the largest follicles, which may improve the maturation process of luteinization in older patients with reduced ovarian reserve. The fertility of the GH-treated patients improved.////////////////// | ||||
| Cellular localization | Plasma membrane | ||||
| Comment | candidate123 Growth hormone alleviates oxidative stress and improves the IVF outcomes of poor ovarian responders: a randomized controlled trial. Gong Y et al. (2020) Oxidative stress (OS), defined as an imbalance between excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production and antioxidant insufficiency, has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of poor ovarian response (POR). Growth hormone (GH) can reduce OS in some cell types. This study investigated whether GH can improve OS and the in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) outcomes of poor ovarian responders. This study enrolled 105 patients with POR and 58 patients without POR (controls) who were diagnosed according to the Bologna criteria and underwent conventional IVF-ET. Poor ovarian responders were randomly assigned to two groups: the POR-GH group, which received pretreatment with GH 4 IU/d on day 2 of the previous menstrual cycle before IVF until the trigger day, and the POR-C group, which received no pretreatment. OS markers in follicular fluid (FF), ROS levels in granulosa cells (GCs), and the IVF outcomes of the groups were compared. Endometrial thickness on trigger day, the number of cleaved embryos, the number of higher-quality embryos, and the rates of embryo formation, higher-quality embryo formation, implantation and clinical pregnancy were significantly increased in the POR-GH group compared with the POR-C group (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared to those in the non-POR group, FF malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and ROS levels in GCs were significantly higher, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly lower in the POR-C group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with those in the POR-C group, the FF TAC was significantly increased in the POR-GH group, and TOS, OSI and intracellular ROS levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with GH alleviates OS and improves oocyte quality and IVF outcomes of poor ovarian responders. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. ChiCTR1900021269 . Registered 8 February 2019, http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=35837&htm=4 .////////////////// | ||||
| Ovarian function | Follicle development, Preantral follicle growth, Antral follicle growth, Steroid metabolism, Luteinization, Oocyte maturation | ||||
| Comment | Insights from clinical experience in treating IVF poor responders. Gonda KJ et al. (2017) 'Poor responders' is a term used to describe a subpopulation of IVF patients who do not respond well to ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins. While there is no standard definition of a poor responder, these patients tend to be of advanced maternal age (≥40 years), have a history of poor ovarian response with conventional stimulation protocols, and/or have low ovarian reserve. Despite the heterogeneity of this patient group, there are characteristics and needs common to many poor responders that can be addressed through a holistic approach. Stimulation during the earlier stages of follicle maturation may help synchronize follicle development for improved response to later gonadotrophin stimulation, and supplementation with dehydroepiandrosterone or human growth hormone may promote early follicle development in poor responders. IVF protocols should be specifically tailored to poor responders to complement the patient's natural cycle. Because poor responders tend to have high levels of stress and anxiety, patients should receive psychological counselling and support, both prior to and during IVF cycles, to ensure optimal outcomes and improve patients' experience. It is important to set realistic expectations with poor responders and their partners to help patients make informed decisions and better manage their distress and anxiety. See Table 1 for pros and cons of GH supplementation in poor responders.////////////////// Prolactin and growth hormone affect metaphase-II chromosomes in aging oocytes via cumulus cells using similar signaling pathways. Lebedeva IY et al. (2015) General senescence of the adult organism is closely connected with reproductive one. Meanwhile, the age-related reduction in the female fertility is primarily associated with a decline in the gamete quality. Molecular and cellular changes in oocytes of old mammalian females are very similar to those occurring during aging of matured ova of their young counterparts, suggesting similarities in underlying mechanisms. The aim of the present work was to study actions of two related pituitary hormones, prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH), on age-associated modifications of metaphase-II (M-II) chromosomes in bovine oocytes using a model of the prolonged culture. We analyzed: (1) effects of PRL and GH on abnormal changes in the chromosome morphology in aging matured oocytes and the role of cumulus cells in these effects and (2) signaling pathways involved in the hormone actions. During the prolonged culture of oocytes, a gradual rise in the frequency of destructive modifications of M-II chromosomes was revealed. In the case of cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEOs), PRL and GH exerted dose-dependent biphasic effects on the frequency of these modifications. Both PRL (50 ng/ml) and GH (10 ng/ml) decelerated the abnormal chromosome changes in CEOs, but did not affect the chromosome configuration in denuded oocytes. Concurrently, the presence of PRL and GH receptors in cumulus cells surrounding matured oocytes was demonstrated. Attenuating effects of both hormones on the chromosome modifications in aging CEOs were abolished by PP2 (an inhibitor of Src-family tyrosine kinases), triciribine (an inhibitor of Akt kinase), and calphostin C (a protein kinase C inhibitor). Our findings indicate that PRL and GH can exert the similar decelerating action on age-associated alterations in the M-II chromosome morphology in bovine ova, which is mediated by cumulus cells and may be related to activation of Src-family tyrosine kinases as well as Akt- and protein kinase C-dependent signal pathways.////////////////// Presence of growth hormone receptor (GH-R) mRNA and protein in goat ovarian follicles and improvement of invitro preantral follicle survival and development with GH. Martins FS 2014 et al. This study aimed to demonstrate the expression of growth hormone receptor (GH-R) mRNA and protein in goat ovarian follicles in order to investigate the effects of GH on the survival and development of preantral follicles. The ovaries were processed for the isolation of follicles to study GH-R mRNA expression or to localization of GH-R by immunohistochemical analysis. Pieces of ovarian cortex were cultured for 7days in minimum essential medium(+) (MEM(+)) in the presence or absence of GH at different concentrations (1, 10, 50, 100, and 200ng/mL). High expression levels of GH-R mRNA were observed in granulosa/theca cells from large antral follicles. However, preantral follicles do not express mRNA for GH-R. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the GH-R protein was expressed in the oocytes/granulosa cells of antral follicles, but any protein expression was observed in preantral follicles. The highest (P<0.05) rate of normal follicles and intermediate follicles was observed after 7days in MEM(+) plus 10ng/mL GH (70%). In conclusion, GH-R mRNA and protein are expressed in caprine antral follicles, but not in preantral follicles. Moreover, GH maintains the survival of goat preantral follicles and promotes the development of primordial follicles. ///////////////////////// In vitro production of a caprine embryo from a preantral follicle cultured in media supplemented with growth hormone. Magalh? DM et al. The objective was to evaluate the effects of growth hormone (GH) on the survival, growth, maturation, and fertilization of oocytes derived from caprine preantral ovarian follicles cultured in vitro. Preantral follicles were isolated from the cortex of caprine ovaries and individually cultured for 18 d in the absence (control) or presence of bovine GH at concentrations of 10 or 50 ng/mL (GH10 and GH50, respectively). Follicle development was evaluated on the basis of survival, antral cavity formation, diameter increase, and the presence of healthy cumulus-oocyte complexes and mature oocytes. After culture, oocytes were subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). The rate of antrum formation after Day 6 of culture was higher in both GH10 and GH50 than in the control (81.0, 92.7, and 47.6%, respectively, P < 0.05). Percentages of grown oocytes that were acceptable for IVM were also higher (P < 0.05) in GH-treated groups than in the control (54.8, 48.8, and 11.9% for GH10, GH50, and Control). A higher percentage of oocytes in the GH50 treatment underwent meiotic resumption (50.0%), produced mature oocytes, and enabled production of an embryo after IVF than in the control group (0.0%; P < 0.05). In conclusion, GH promoted in vitro growth and maturation of goat preantral follicle oocytes and enabled production of an embryo. Furthermore, this study was apparently the first to produce a caprine embryo by in vitro fertilization of oocytes derived from preantral follicles grown in vitro. Schams D, et al. reviewed possible role of growth hormone, IGFs, and IGF-binding proteins in the regulation of ovarian function in large farm animals. There is clear evidence for a distinct GH-receptor mRNA expression and protein production in follicles (oocytes and granulosa-cumulus cells) and corpus luteum (CL). With the use of a microdialysis system, the authors found that in vitro and in vivo IGF-1, IGF-2, and GH stimulated the release of progesterone in cultures of luteal cells or intact tissues. Davoren JB, et al. reported that growth hormone increases ovarian levels of immunoreactive somatomedin C/insulin-like growth factor I in vivo. Kobayashi J, reported that GH induced the proliferation of theca cells to form morphologically complete layers around the preantral follicle from 11-day-old mice. Izadyar F, et al reported the stimulatory effect of growth hormone on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes is exerted through cumulus cells and not mediated by IGF-I. Zhao J, et al 2000 GH, regardless of the concentration, stimulated the growth of rat pre-antral follicles. However, follicles cultured in medium supplemented with high-dose GH (100 ng/ml) showed a significantly lower survival rate compared with the other groups. Follicles cultured in GH-containing medium showed a better ultrastructure in comparison with those cultured in medium without GH. Remarkably, scattered cortical granules were observed in oocytes of follicles cultured in the presence of GH. With RT-PCR, the presence of the mRNA of GHR was demonstrated in pre-antral follicles. It can be concluded that GH promotes rat pre-antral follicle development in vitro and better supports the morphology of cultured pre-antral follicles. The gene expression of GHR suggests that the action of GH could be mediated by its receptors present in pre-antral follicles. | ||||
| Expression regulated by | |||||
| Comment | |||||
| Ovarian localization | Oocyte, Cumulus, Granulosa, Theca, Luteal cells, Follicular Fluid | ||||
| Comment | Yuan W, et al. reported messenger ribonucleic acid expression for growth hormone receptor, during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in porcine and bovine corpora lutea. Sharara FI, et al. reported identification and cellular localization of growth hormone receptor gene expression in the human ovary. In situ hybridization using the digoxigenin-labeled oligoprobe localized the GHR mRNA in the granulosa cells of dominant and antral follicles, corpus luteum, corpora albicans and the endothelium of blood vessels. GHR mRNA was not detected in preantral follicles, theca interna, theca externa, oocytes, or stroma. Amit T, et al. reported growth hormone-binding protein (GH-BP) levels in follicular fluid from human preovulatory follicles and correlation with serum GH-BP levels. | ||||
| Follicle stages | Secondary, Antral, Preovulatory, Corpus luteum | ||||
| Comment | In vivo effect of growth hormone on the expression of connexin-43 in bovine ovarian follicles. Kaiser GG et al. This study assessed the in vivo effects of recombinant growth hormone (rGH) administration on the expression of connexin-43 (Cx43) in bovine ovarian follicles. Two independent experiments were carried out using either estrous unsynchronized or synchronized multiparous Aberdeen Angus cows. rGH-treated animals were inoculated with a single dose of hormone (500 mg, intramuscular) while control animals were inoculated with hormone diluent. Five and 14 days after treatment (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively), ovarian Cx43 and apoptosis expression were assessed using immunohistochemistry. In both experiments primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles from rGH-treated and control groups distinctly expressed Cx43 protein. Primordial and atretic follicles were Cx43-negative. Interestingly, the number of Cx43 dots per granulosa cell did not show significant variation at different folliculogenesis stages neither in the rGH-treated nor in the control group. In unsynchronized animals, Cx43-positive follicles per total number of follicles ratio showed an interaction between stage of folliculogenesis and treatment due to significant differences between treatment groups in the early secondary follicle stage. In synchronized animals, there were significant differences between treatment groups and folliculogenesis stage. In both experiments, atretic follicles showed apoptosis-related DNA-fragmentation as determined by terminal uridin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Tertiary follicles presented moderate TUNEL staining. Our results show significant increment in the number of ovarian follicles expressing the gap junction subunit Cx43 after in vivo rGH treatment. Therefore, we conclude that growth hormone can modulate in vivo gap junction assembly at early stages of folliculogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. | ||||
| Phenotypes |
PCO (polycystic ovarian syndrome) |
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| Mutations |
7 mutations
Species: bovine
Species: mouse
Species: mouse
Species: human
Species: human
Species: human
Species: human
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| Genomic Region | show genomic region | ||||
| Phenotypes and GWAS | show phenotypes and GWAS | ||||
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